Die Natriumpumpe der Zellmembranen exportiert als Na+/K+-ATPase (E.C.3.6.1.37) unter Spaltung eines Mols ATP zu ADP und anorganischem Phosphat drei Mole Na+ aus der Zelle heraus und zwei Mol K+ in die Zelle hinein. Wesentliche kinetische Eigenschaften dieses Pumpprozesses können mit Hilfe des Albers-Post-Modells beschrieben werden (Bild 2). Dieses Modell nimmt an, daß die katalytische a-Untereinheit zwischen einer Na+- und einer K+-Konformation oszilliert und daß eine einzige Untereinheit für den Ionentransport ausreicht.
Eigene Untersuchungen zeigen jedoch, daß der
Pumprozess der Interaktion
von zwei a-Untereinheiten
und der auf ihnen
vorhandenen ATP Bindungstellen bedarf. Die Natriumpumpe arbeitet somit
als (ab)2-Diprotomer
(Bild 3), in dem Na+-
und K+-Konformationen
sowie hoch- und niederaffine ATP-Bindungsstellen zur gleichen Zeit
vorkommen.
Wie die ATP-Hydrolyse in den vektoriellen Transport umgewandelt wird,
ist
auf molekularer Ebene unbekannt.
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Seit mehr als 200 Jahren behandeln Ärzte die Herzwassersucht mit Digitalis, einem Inhaltsstoff des roten Fingerhuts. Das kardiotone Steroid Digitalis ist ein spezifisches Gift der Natriumpumpe der Zellmembranen der Säugerzellen. Kürzlich konnte die Giessener Arbeitsgruppe zeigen, daß Ouabain (g-Strophanthin) (Bild 4) in den Nebennieren des Rindes vorkommt und als neuartiges Steroidhormon bei Säugetieren und Menschen unter Kreislaufbelastung vermehrt ins Blut ausgeschüttet wird. Ouabain wurde bei 50% der Patienten mit essentieller Hypertonie erhöht gefunden und ist somit wesentlich an der Entstehung dieser Krankheit beteiligt (Bild 5). Ebenso wie für alle anderen Steroidhormone existiert auch für Herzglykoside ein spezifisches Bindungsglobulin im Blut, das vermutlich Zellen vor unphysiologisch hohen Blutkonzentrationen an Ouabain und anderen cardiotonen Steroiden (Cardenolide, Bufadienolide) schützt. Die Interaktion des neuen kardiotonen Steroidhormons Ouabain mit anderen Hormonen des Salz-und Wasserhaushaltes sowie der Herzfunktion ist derzeit unbekannt, ebenso wie die Regulation der Freisetzung und der Biosynthese.
Bild 5: Regulation der Ouabain-Freisetzung und Ouabain-Wirkung auf Herz und Kreislauf.
Die Arbeitsgruppe untersucht daher:
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Bücher |
- W. Schoner
Preface: Molecular basis of disease: Arterial hypertension
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1802 (2010) 1131
- W. Schoner: Veterinärmedizin, in: "Erfolg bei Studienarbeiten, Referaten und Prüfungen. Alles was Studierende wissen sollten" (Editors: Steffen Stock, Patricia Schreiber, Elisabeth Peper, Eva Molitor), Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-540-88815-4 (2009), pp. 166-167.
- W. Schoner, G. Scheiner-Bobis: Endogene herzaktive Steroide - eine neue Klasse von Steroidhormonen. Endogenous cardioactive steroids - a new class of steroid hormones. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 134 (2009) 632-636.
- G. Tejral, L. Koláčná, W. Schoner, E. Amler: The π-Helix Formation between Asp369 and Thr375 as a Key Factor in E1-E2 Conformational Change of Na+/K+-ATPase. Physiol. Res. 58 (2009) 583-589.
2008
- W. Schoner: Salt abuse: the path to hypertension. Nature Medicine 14 (2008) 16-17.
- W. Schoner, G. Scheiner-Bobis: Role of endogenous cardiotonic steroids in sodium homeostasis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 23 (2008) 2723-2729.
- G. Scheiner-Bobis, W. Schoner: Na+/K+-ATPase. Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology (Offermanns, Stefan; Rosenthal, Walter, Eds) 2nd Edition (2008) Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York, pp. 812-819.
- E. Ritz, W. Schoner: Von Digitalis purpurea zur Krötenhaut. Eine historische Betrachtung Digitalis-analoger Säugetierhormone. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 133 (2008) 2690-2694.
2007
- W. Schoner, G. Scheiner-Bobis: Endogenous and exogenous cardiac glycosides: their roles in hypertension, salt metabolism, and cell growth (invited review). Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 293 (2007) 509-536.
- W. Schoner and G. Scheiner-Bobis: Endogenous and Exogenous Cardiac Glycosides and their Mechanisms of Action. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 7(3) (2007) 173-189.
2006
- W. Schoner, N. Bauer, G. Scheiner-Bobis: "Endogenes Digitalis" - der lange Weg vom herzwirksamen pflanzlichen Toxin zum Hormon der Säuger. Tierärztl Prax 34(K) (2006) 389-397.
2005
- N. Bauer, J. Müller-Ehmsen, U. Krämer, N. Hambarchian, C. Zobel, R.H.G. Schwinger, H. Neu, U. Kirch, E.-G. Grünbaum, W. Schoner: Ouabain-Like Compound Changes Rapidly on Physical Exercise in Humans and Dogs. Effects of ß-Blockade and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition. Hypertension 45 (2005) 1024-1028.
- Schoner, W., Scheiner-Bobis, G.: Endogenous cardiac glycosides: hormones using the sodium pump as signal transducer. Semin. Nephrol. 25 (2005) 343-351.
20042003
- A. Boldyrev, E. Bulingina, O. Gerassimova, L. Lyapina, and W. Schoner: Functional Relationship between Na/K-ATPase and NMDA-Receptors in Rat Cerebellum Granule Cells. Biochemistry (Moscow) 69 (2004) 429-434.
- Z. Lánský, M. Kubala, R. Ettrich, M. Kutý, J. Plásek, J. Teisinger, W. Schoner, E. Amler: The Hydrogen Bonds between Arg423 and Glu472 and Other Key Residues, Asp443, Ser477, and Pro489, Are Responsible for the Formation and a Different Positioning of TNP-ATP and ATP within the Nucleotide-Binding Site of Na+/K+-ATPase. Biochemistry 43 (2004) 8303-8311.
- N. Bauer, M. Schneider, H. Neu, U. Kirch, E.-G. Grünbaum, W. Schoner: „Endogenes Digitalis“ bei gesunden und an dilatativer Kardiomyopathie oder Vorhofflimmern erkrankten Hunden. Tierärztliche Praxis 32(K) (2004) 201-206.
- R. Krumscheid, R. Ettrich, Z. Sovová, K. Susánková, Z. Lánský, K. Hofbauerová, H. Linnertz, J. Teisinger, E. Amler and Wilhelm Schoner: The phosphatase activity of the isolated H4-H5 loop Na+/K+-ATPase resides outside its ATP binding site. Eur. J. Biochem. 271 (2004) 3923-3936.
- A. Boldyrev, E. Bulingina, M. Ynneva and W. Schoner: Na/K-ATPase-ATPase regulates intracellular ROS levels in rat cerebellum granule cells. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 986 (2003) 519-521.
- R. Krumscheid, K. Susankova, R. Ettrich, J. Teisinger, E. Amler and W. Schoner: Localization of catalytic active sites in the large cytoplasmic domain of Na+/K+-ATPase. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 986 (2003) 242-244.
- W. Schoner, N. Bauer, J. Müller-Ehmsen, U. Krämer, N. Hambarchian, R. Schwinger, H. Moeller, H. Kost, C. Weitkamp, T. Schweitzer, U. Kirch, H. Neu and E.-G. Grünbaum: Ouabain as a mammalian hormone. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 986 (2003) 678-684.
- M. Kubala, J. Teisinger, R. Ettrich, K. Hofbauerová, V. Kopecký, V. Baumruk, R. Krumscheid, J. Plasek, W. Schoner and E. Amler: Eight amino acids are forming the ATP recognition site of Na+/K+-ATPase. Biochemistry 42 (2003) 6446-6452.
2002
- Kubala, M., Hofbauerová, K., Ettrich, R., Kopecký, V., Krumscheid, R., Plásek, J., Teisinger, J., Schoner, W. and Amler, E.: Phe475 and Glu446 but not Ser445 participate in ATP-binding to the a-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 297 (2002) 154-159.
- Schoner, W.: Endogenous cardiac glycosides, a new class of steroid hormones. Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (2002) 2440-2448.
- Schoner, W.: Sodium pump and steroid hormone receptor: Na+/K+-ATPase. Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (2002) 2423.
- Li, S.-Q., Schoner, W., Fu, Y.-F.: Purification of an endogenous inhibitor of the sodium pump from the toad venom Chan'su. Chinese J. Biochem. Molec. Biol. 18(2) (2002) 250-253
2001
- W. Schoner: Endogenous cardiotonic steroids. Cell. Molec. Biol. 47 (2001) 273-280
- R. Ettrich, M. Melichercik, J. Teisinger, O. Ettrichova, R. Krumscheid, K. Hofbauerova, P. Kvasnicka, W. Schoner and E. Amler: Three-dimensional structure of the large cytoplasmic H4-H5-loop of Na+/K+-ATPase deduced by restraint-based comparative modeling shows only one ATP-binding site. J. Mol. Model. 7 (2001) 184-192.
- G. Scheiner-Bobis, W. Schoner: A fresh facet for ouabain action. Nature Medicine 7 (2001) 1288-1289
2000
- F. Tanfani, H. Linnertz, T. Obsil, R. Krumscheid, P. Urbanova, O. Jelinek, L. Mazzanti, E. Bertoli, W. Schoner, E. Amler: Effects of fluorescent pseudo-ATP and ATP metal analogs on secondary structure of Na+/K+-ATPase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1457 (2000) 94-102.
- W. Schoner: Ouabain, a new steroid hormone of adrenal gland and hypothalamus. Review. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 108 (2000) 449-454.
- W. Schoner: Endogenous Cardiotonic Steroids: Facts and Open Questions, in Na/K-ATPase and Related ATPases (K. Taniguchi and S. Kaya, eds.) Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 2000, pp. 49-56.
- R. Antolovic, N. Bauer, M. Mohadjerani, H. Kost, H. Neu, U.Kirch, E.-G.Grünbaum and W. Schoner: Endogenous Ouabain and ist Binding Globulin: Effects of Physical Exercise and Study on the Globulin‘s Tissue Distribution. Hypertens. Res. 23, Suppl. (2000) S93-S98.
1999
R. Antolovic, E. Hamer, E.H. Serpersu, H. Kost, H. Linnertz, Z. Kovarik and W. Schoner: Affinity labeling with MgATP analogues reveals coexisting Na+ and K+ forms of the a-subunits of Na+/K+-ATPase. Eur J. Biochem. 261 (1999) 181-189. R. Antolovic and W. Schoner: Gibt es ein endogenes Herzglykosid? Herz/Kreislauf 31 (1999) 15-20. D. Thoenges, E. Amler, T. Eckert and W. Schoner: Tight binding of bulky fluorescent derivatives of adenosine to the low affinity E2ATP site leads to inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 1971-1978. H. Linnertz, E. Lanz, M. Gregor, R. Antolovic, R. Krumscheid, T. Obsil, H. Slavik, Z. Kovarik, W. Schoner and E. Amler: Microenvironment of the high affinity ATP-binding site of Na+/K+-ATPase is slightly acidic. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 254 (1999) 215-221. W. Schoner: Energiestoffwechsel neugeborener Ferkel aus Physiologischer Sicht. In "1. Gießener Tagung über Neonatologie und Jungtierkrankheiten - Kalb und Ferkel - (1999) Tagung der Fachgruppe Fortpflanzung und ihre Störungen. Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft am 6.11.1998, S. 1-5. F. Bernhardt, W. Schoner, B. Schroeder, G. Breves and G. Scheiner-Bobis: Functional expression and characterization of the wild-type mammalian renal cortex sodium/phosphate cotransporter and an 215R mutant in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 38 (1999) 13551-13559. S. Li, Y. Fu, W. Schoner, C. Eim: The Ouabain-Immunoreactivities does not Reflect the Tissue Capacity in Sodium Pumps. Chin. J. Biochem. Molec.Biol. 15 (1999) 845-847. S. Li, Y. Fu, Z. Lu, S. Zhu, W. Schoner, C. Eim: Raised antibodies against the Ouabain and Proscillaridin A in Rabbits and its Application. Immunol. J. (China) 15 (1999) 276-278.
1998
- H. Linnertz, H. Kost, T. Obsil, A. Kotyk, E. Amler and W. Schoner: Erythrosin 5´-isothiocyanate labels Cys549 in the low-affinity ATP-binding site of Na+/K+-ATPase. FEBS-Lett. 441 (1998) 103-105.
- H. Linnertz, P. Urbanova, T. Obsil,P.Herman, E. Amler and W. Schoner: Molecular distance measurements reveal an (ab)2 dimeric of Na+/K+-ATPase: High affinity ATP binding site and K+-activated phosphatase reside on different a-subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 28813-28821.
- S.-Q. Li, Y. Fu, W. Schoner and C. Eim: The distribution of proscillaridin A immunoreactivities of a new endogenous Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor in bovine. Clin. J. Appl. Physiol. (China) 14 (1998) 279-282.
- H. Linnertz, I. Lastres Becker, R. Krumscheid, D. Thoenges, E. Amler and W. Schoner: Cr(H2O)4 and Co(NH3)4 complex derivatives of FEDA-ATP: New fluorescent tools to label the ATP sites of Na+/K+-ATPase. Fluorescence Microscopy and Fluorescent Probes, Vol. 2 (Slavik, ed.) Plenum Press 1998, pp. 187-191.
- R. Schneider, R. Antolovic, H. Kost, B. Sich, U. Kirch, M. Tepel, W. Zidek and W. Schoner: Proscillaridin A immunoreactivity: Its purification, transport in blood by a specific protein and its correlation with blood pressure. Clin. and Exper. Hypertension 20 (1998) 593-599.
- R. Antolovic, H. Kost, M. Mohadjerani, D. Linder, M. Linder and W. Schoner: A specific binding protein for cardiac glycosides exists in bovine serum. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 16259-16264.
- W. Schoner, W. Mertens, M. Helms and G. Fortes: Binding of the Co(NH3)4 derivative of (2')3'-O-[N-methyl-anthraniloyl]ATP to the E2 ATP site of Na+/K+-transporting ATPase lowers the conformational flexibility of its E1ATP site. Eur. J. Biochem. 253 (1998) 245-250.
- S.-Q. Li, C. Eim, U. Kirch. R.E. Lang and W. Schoner: Bovine adrenals and hypothalamus are a major source of proscillaridin A- and ouabain-immunoreactivities. Life Sciences 62 (1998) 1023-1033.
li> H Linnertz, I. Miksik, P. Kvasnicka,E.Bertoli,L. Mazzanti, W. Schoner, E. Amler: Binding of pyrene isothiocyanate to the E1ATP site makes the H4-H5-cytoplasmic loop of Na+/K+-ATPase rigid. Eur. J. Biochem. 251 (1998) 522-527.- R. Schneider, V. Wray, M. Nimtz,W.D.Lehmann,U. Kirch, R. Antolovic and W. Schoner: Bovine adrenals contain, in addition to ouabain, a second inhibitor of the sodium pump. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 784-792.
1997
- E. Amler, A. Kotyk, H. Linnertz, W. Schoner, J. Baranska, and L. Mazzanti: Pyrene isothiocyanate as a tool for a study of rigidity the H4-H5 cytoplasmic loop of Na+/K+-ATPase. Italian Biochem. Soc. Transactions 9 (1997) 373.
- H. Linnertz, I. Lastres-Becker, R. Krumscheid, D. Thönges, E. Amler and W. Schoner: 2'(3')-O-[N- [2-[3- [5-fluoresceinyl] thioureido] ethyl] carbamoyl] adenosine 5'-triphosphate and its Cr(H2O)4 and Co(NH3)4 complex derivatives are new fluorescent tools for labelling ATP binding sites of Na+/K+-ATPase. Physiol. Res. 46 (1997) 345-349.
- D.G. Ward, W. Schoner and J.D. Cavieres: Nucleotides Trigger the Release of Co(NH3)4ATP Tightly Bound to Inactivated Na,K-ATPase. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 834 (1997) 432-434.
- D. Thoenges, H. Linnertz and W. Schoner: A Two-Site Model of Interacting ATP Sites. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 834 (1997) 322-326.
- S.-Q. Li, C. Eim, R. Schneider, B. Sich, U. Kirch and W. Schoner: Proscillaridin A Immunoreactivity: A New Endogenous Cardiac Glycoside? Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 834 (1997) 646-647.
- R. Antolovic, H. Kost, D. Linder, M. Linder, D. Thönges, D. Lichtstein and W. Schoner: Demonstration of a Specific Transport Protein for Cardiac Glycosides in Bovine Blood. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 834 (1997) 618-620.
- K. Brinkmann, H. Linnertz, E. Amler, E. Lanz, P. Herman and W. Schoner: Fluoresceinyl-ethylenediamine-ouabain detects an acidic environment in the cardiac glycoside binding site of Na+/K+-ATPase. Eur. J. Biochem. 249 (1997) 301-308.
- D. Thönges and W. Schoner: 2'-0-Dansyl analogs of ATP bind with high affinity to the low affinity ATP site of Na+/K+-ATPase and reveal the interaction of two ATP sites during catalysis. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 16315-16321.
1996
- B. Sich, U. Kirch, M. Tepel, W. Zidek and W. Schoner: Pulse pressure correlates in humans with a proscillaridin A immunoreactive compound. Hypertension 27 (1996) 1073-1078.
- R. Antolovic, B. Sich, U. Kirch, R. Schneider, C. Eim, S-Q. Li, B. Ahlemeyer, M. Tepel, W. Zidek and W. Schoner: Endogenous "Digitalis": Proscillaridin A Immunoreactivity, an other Compound of the Group of Endogenous "Cardiac Glycosides"? - The Digitalis Receptor, its Endogenous Ligand and a Transport Globulin in Plasma. Therapeutic Research 17 (1996) 146-157.
1995
- H. Linnertz, D. Thönges and W. Schoner: Na+/K+-ATPase with a blocked E1ATP site still allows backdoor phosphorylation of the E2ATP site. Eur. J. Biochem. 232 (1995) 420-424.
- R. Antolovic, W. Schoner, K. Geering, C. Canessa, B.C. Rossier and J.-D. Horisberger: Labeling of a cysteine in the cardiotonic glycoside binding site by the steroid derivative HDMA. FEBS Letters 368 (1995) 169-172.
- R. Antolovic, D. Linder, J. Hahnen and W. Schoner: Affinity labelling of a sulfhydryl group in the cardiac glycoside receptor site of Na+/K+-ATPase by N-hydroxysuccinimidyl derivatives of digoxigenin. Eur. J. Biochem. 227 (1995) 61-67.
1994
- D.G. Ward, W. Schoner and J.D. Cavieres: Evidence for two distinct ATP sites in Na,K-ATPase purified from pig kidney. J. Physiol. 90P (1994) C102.
- Z.M. Rap, W. Schoner, Z. Czernicki, G. Hildebrand, H.W. Mueller and O. Hoffmann: Changes in the Endogenous Ouabain Like Substance in the Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid after Cold Induced Vasogenic Brain Edema. In: The Sodium Pump - Structure Mechanism, Hormonal Control and its Role in Disease (E. Bamberg and W. Schoner, eds.) Dr. D. Steinkopff-Verlag Darmstadt, 1994, pp. 779-782.
- B. Sich, U. Kirch, R. Antolovic and W.Schoner: Demonstration of Inhibitors of the Sodium Pump in Human Plasma and Bovine Adrenals Cross-Reacting with Proscillaridin A Antibodies. In: The Sodium Pump - Structure Mechanism, Hormonal Control and its Role in Disease (E. Bamberg and W. Schoner, eds.) Dr. D. Steinkopff-Verlag Darmstadt, 1994, pp. 767-770.
- D. Thönges, J. Hahnen and W. Schoner: The Ribose Conformation of ATP Affects the Kinetic Properties of Na+/K+-ATPase. In: The Sodium Pump - Structure Mechanism, Hormonal Control and its Role in Disease (E. Bamberg and W. Schoner, eds.) Dr. D. Steinkopff-Verlag Darmstadt, 1994, pp. 421-424.
- R. Antolovic, J. Hahnen, D. Linder and W. Schoner: Is the Cystein104 Part of the Sugar Binding Subsite of the Cardiac Glycoside Receptor of Na+/K+-ATPase? In: The Sodium Pump - Structure Mechanism, Hormonal Control and its Role in Disease (E. Bamberg and W. Schoner, eds.) Dr. D. Steinkopff-Verlag Darmstadt, 1994, pp. 337-380.
- W. Schoner, D. Thönges, E. Hamer, R. Antolovic, E. Buxbaum, M. Willeke, E.H. Serpersu, G. Scheiner-Bobis: Is the sodium pump a functional dimer? In: The Sodium Pump - Structure Mechanism, Hormonal Control and its Role in Disease (E. Bamberg and W. Schoner, eds.) Dr. D. Steinkopff-Verlag Darmstadt, 1994, pp. 332-341.
- C.M. Tran, G. Scheiner-Bobis, W. Schoner and R.A. Farley: Identification of an amino acid in the ATP binding site of Na+/K+-ATPase after photochemical labeling with 8-azido-ATP. Biochemistry 34 (1994) 4140-4147.
- Z.M. Rap. W. Schoner, Z. Czernicki, G. Hildebrandt, H.W. Müller and O. Hoffmann: The endogenous ouabain-like sodium pump inhibitor in cold injury-induced brain edeman. In: Brain Edema IX (U. Ito et al., eds.), Acta Neurochirurgica, Suppl. 60: 98-100, 1994, Springer Verlag Wien, New York.
Herausgabe von Büchern
- E. Bamberg, W. Schoner (1994) The Sodium Pump - Structure Mechanism, Hormonal Control and its Role in Disease. Dr. D. Steinkopff-Verlag Darmstadt (ISBN 3-7985-0961-1), Springer New York (ISBN 0-387-91466-8), 906 Seiten.
- W. Schoner (Guest Editor) (2010) Arterial Hypertension, Special issue of Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – Molecular Basis of Disease: Arterial Hypertension. Vol 1802, Issue 12 pages 1131-1318, December 2010, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam
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